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Mysterious glowing clouds targeted by NASA: New Scientist (26 May 2006)Glowing, silvery blue clouds that have been spreading around the world and brightening mysteriously in recent years will soon be studied in unprecedented detail by a NASA spacecraft.

Source: New Scientist (26 May 2006)
Training in hypoxia and its effects on skeletal muscle tissue: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 18, No. s1. (2008), pp. 38-49.It is well established that local muscle tissue hypoxia is an important consequence and possibly a relevant adaptive signal of endurance exercise training in humans. It has been reasoned that it might be advantageous to increase this exercise stimulus by working in hypoxia. However, as long-term exposure to severe hypoxia has been shown to be detrimental to muscle tissue, experimental protocols were developed that expose subjects to hypoxia only for the duration of the exercise session and allow recovery in normoxia (live low2013train high or hypoxic training). This overview reports data from 27 controlled studies using some implementation of hypoxic training paradigms. Hypoxia exposure varied between 2300 and 5700 m and training duration ranged from 10 days to 8 weeks. A similar number of studies was carried out on untrained and on trained subjects. Muscle structural, biochemical and molecular findings point to a specific role of hypoxia in endurance training. However, based on the available data on global estimates of performance capacity such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power output (Pmax), hypoxia as a supplement to training is not consistently found to be of advantage for performance at sea level. There is some evidence mainly from studies on untrained subjects for an advantage of hypoxic training for performance at altitude. Live low2013train high may be considered when altitude acclimatizatio n is not an option.

Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 18, No. s1. (2008), pp. 38-49.
The influence of altitude and topography on genetic structure in the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactulym): Molecular Ecology, Vol. 16, No. 8. (April 2007), pp. 1625-1637.

Source: Molecular Ecology, Vol. 16, No. 8. (April 2007), pp. 1625-1637.
Reduced oxygen due to high-altitude exposure relates to atrophy in motor-function brain areas: European Journal of Neurology, Vol. 15, No. 10. (October 2008), pp. 1050-1057.BACK GROUND AND PURPOSE: At high altitudes barometric pressure is reduced and, thus, less oxygen is inhaled. Reduced oxygen concentration in brain tissue can lead to cerebral damage and neurological and cognitive deficits. The present study was designed to explore the effects of high-altitude exposure using a quantitative MRI technique, voxel-based morphometry. METHODS: We studied nine world-class mountain climbers before (baseline) and after (follow-up) an extremely high-altitude ascent of Everest and K2. We investigated the effects of repeated extremely high-altitude exposures by comparing mountain climbers' scans at baseline with scans of 19 controls. In addition, we measured the effects of a single extremely high-altitude expedition by comparing mountain climbers' scans at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: A region of reduced white matter density/volume was found in the left pyramidal tract near the primary (BA 4) and supplementary (BA 6) motor cortex when mountain climbers at baseline were compared with controls. Further, when mountain climbers' scans before and after the expedition were compared, a region of reduced grey matter density/volume was found in the left angular gyrus (BA 39). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that extremely high-altitude exposures may cause subtle white and grey matter changes that mainly affect brain regions involved in motor activity.

Source: European Journal of Neurology, Vol. 15, No. 10. (October 2008), pp. 1050-1057.
Elevational gradient analyses and the use of historical museum specimens: a cautionary tale: Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 32, No. 11. (November 2005), pp. 1883-1897.

Source: Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 32, No. 11. (November 2005), pp. 1883-1897.
Global patterns in biodiversity: Nature, Vol. 405, No. 6783. (11 May 2000), pp. 220-227.To a first approximation, the distribution of biodiversity across the Earth can be described in terms of a relatively small number of broad-scale spatial patterns. Although these patterns are increasingly well documented, understanding why they exist constitutes one of the most significant intellectual challenges to ecologists and biogeographers . Theory is, however, developing rapidly, improving in its internal consistency, and more readily subjected to empirical challenge.

Source: Nature, Vol. 405, No. 6783. (11 May 2000), pp. 220-227.
Detecting climate change induced range shifts: Where and how should we be looking?: Austral Ecology, Vol. 31, No. 1. (February 2006), pp. 22-29.

Source: Austral Ecology, Vol. 31, No. 1. (February 2006), pp. 22-29.
Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change: Ecology Letters, Vol. 8, No. 11. (November 2005), pp. 1138-1146.The first expected symptoms of a climate change-generat ed biodiversity crisis are range contractions and extinctions at lower elevational and latitudinal limits to species distributions. However, whilst range expansions at high elevations and latitudes have been widely documented, there has been surprisingly little evidence for contractions at warm margins. We show that lower elevational limits for 16 butterfly species in central Spain have risen on average by 212 m (± SE 60) in 30 years, accompanying a 1.3 °C rise (equivalent to c. 225 m) in mean annual temperature. These elevational shifts signify an average reduction in habitable area by one-third, with losses of 50?80% projected for the coming century, given maintenance of the species thermal associations. The results suggest that many species have already suffered climate-mediat ed habitat losses that may threaten their long-term chances of survival.

Source: Ecology Letters, Vol. 8, No. 11. (November 2005), pp. 1138-1146.
Ecological wood anatomy of Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae) in East Nepal: Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 107, No. 4. (10 December 1994), pp. 399-408.Abstra ct Wood anatomical characters ofAlnus nepalensis growing in East Nepal are evaluated against three non-anatomical factors: tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and altitude. Samples were taken from the outermost part of the trunk of five canopy trees at 11 localities between 790 and 2,740 m above sea level. Tree height ranged from 10 to 28 m, and DBH ranged from 15 to 80 cm. Altitude and tree height are correlated with all the vessel characters studied. Among wood anatomical characters, vessel characters measured from cross sections are strongly correlated with one another, and are also correlated with vessel element and fiber-tracheid length. Multiple regression analysis using non-anatomical factors as independent variables resulted in significant correlation at 1% level in all pore characters, vessel element length, perforation plate bar number, and fibertracheid length. Regression coefficients of significant regressions are usually largest for altitude. For wood structure ofAlnus nepalensis in East Nepal, 23 to 42% of the variation is affected by non-anatomical factors. The large contribution of altitude is considered to be an indirect measure of the effect of temperature.

Source: Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 107, No. 4. (10 December 1994), pp. 399-408.
Altitudinal Variation in Leaf Gas Exchange, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations , and Leaf Mass per Area in Populations of Frasera speciosa: Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 31, No. 2. (1999), pp. 191-195.

Source: Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 31, No. 2. (1999), pp. 191-195.

If you would like to find additional social bookmark based links on the topic of altitude we recommend the Open Tag Directory > Altitude. If you would like to find related tags we recommend Tag Patterns > Altitude.